In “The Analytical Language of John Wilkins” The Argentinian author Jorge Luis Borges illustrated the problematic nature of scientific classification when he quoted from an ancient Chinese encyclopedia
The Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge
On these remote pages in a complete absence of phylum, genus and species, animals are divided into:
- Those that belong to the emperor
- Embalmed ones
- Those that are trained
- Suckling pigs
- Mermaids
- Fabulous ones
- Stray dogs
- Those that are included in this classification
- Those that tremble as if they were mad
- Innumerable ones
- Those drawn with a very fine camel hair brush
- Others
- Those that have just broken the flower vase
- Those that, at a distance, resemble flies
There is some debate as to whether or not The Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge existed outside of Borges imagination (Borges was a noted surrealist and included amongst his works was The Book of Imaginary Beings and several reviews of nonexistent books by fictitious authors.








